Immigration to the United States is a complex
demographic phenomenon that has been a major source of population growth and
cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States. The
economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy
regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement
patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behavior. On a
per capita basis, the United States lets in fewer immigrants than half the countries
in the OECD. Prior to 1965, the national
origins formula restricted immigration to the peoples of Western Europe.
Historically, immigration and naturalization has been limited to members of the
white race.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s led to
the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per-country limits. Since then, the
number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has
quadrupled, from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007. Nearly 14
million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2010. and over one million persons were naturalized
as U.S. citizens in 2008. Since the per-country limit applies the same maximum
on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population, it has
had the effect of severely restricting the legal immigration of persons born in
Mexico, India, China, and the Philippines – currently the leading countries of origin of immigrants to the
United States. Family reunification accounts for approximately
two-thirds of legal immigration to the US every year. The number of foreign
nationals who became legal permanent residents (LPRs) of the U.S. in 2009 as a
result of family reunification (66%) exceeded those who became LPRs on the
basis of employment skills (13%) and for humanitarian reasons (17%).
Migration is difficult, expensive, and
dangerous for those who enter the US illegally across the Mexico–United States
border. Virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry
to the United States due the restrictive legal limits on green cards, and lack
of immigrant visas for low skilled workers. Participants in debates on
immigration in the early twenty-first century called for increasing enforcement
of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States, building a
barrier along some or all of the 2,000-mile (3,200 km) U.S.-Mexico border, or
creating a new guest worker program. Through much of 2006 the country and Congress
was immersed in a debate about these proposals. As of April 2010 few of these
proposals had become law, though a partial border fence had been approved and
subsequently canceled.
Posted by: Juan Pablo Dircio Arzeta.
Posted by: Juan Pablo Dircio Arzeta.
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